Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-05-22 03:23:20 UTC
Update Date2016-11-09 01:15:21 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM016220
Identification
Common NameN-Acetyl-L-cysteine
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionAn N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.
Contaminant Sources
  • FooDB Chemicals
  • HMDB Contaminants - Urine
  • STOFF IDENT Compounds
  • ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals
Contaminant TypeNot Available
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(2R)-2-Acetylamino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acidChEBI
(R)-2-Acetylamino-3-mercaptopropanoic acidChEBI
(R)-Mercapturic acidChEBI
AcetilcisteinaChEBI
AcetylcysteinumChEBI
L-AcetylcysteineChEBI
L-alpha-Acetamido-beta-mercaptopropionic acidChEBI
Mercapturic acidChEBI
N-Acetyl-L-(+)-cysteineChEBI
N-AcetylcysteineChEBI
NACChEBI
(2R)-2-Acetylamino-3-sulfanylpropanoateGenerator
(2R)-2-Acetylamino-3-sulphanylpropanoateGenerator
(2R)-2-Acetylamino-3-sulphanylpropanoic acidGenerator
(R)-2-Acetylamino-3-mercaptopropanoateGenerator
(R)-MercaptateGenerator
(R)-Mercaptic acidGenerator
L-a-Acetamido-b-mercaptopropionateGenerator
L-a-Acetamido-b-mercaptopropionic acidGenerator
L-alpha-Acetamido-beta-mercaptopropionateGenerator
L-Α-acetamido-β-mercaptopropionateGenerator
L-Α-acetamido-β-mercaptopropionic acidGenerator
MercaptateGenerator
Mercaptic acidGenerator
AcetadoteHMDB
FlumucetinHMDB
2-acetylamino-3-mercapto-PropionateHMDB
2-acetylamino-3-mercapto-Propionic acidHMDB
Fluimicil infantilHMDB
FluimucetinHMDB
FluprowitHMDB, MeSH
N-Acety-L-cysteineHMDB
N-Acetyl-3-mercaptoalanineHMDB
Sodium 2-acetamido-3-mercaptopropionateHMDB
AcemucMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine alcon brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine betapharm brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine bouchara brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine farmasan brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine fresenius brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine inpharzam brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine klinge brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine lindopharm brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine pharbita brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine whitehall brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine, monosodium saltMeSH, HMDB
Acétylcystéine GNRMeSH, HMDB
Allen and hanburys brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Bioiberica brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Bristol myers squibb brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
BromucMeSH, HMDB
Dey brand OF acetylcysteine sodium saltMeSH, HMDB
EurespiranMeSH, HMDB
ExomucMeSH, HMDB
Fresenius brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
GNR Pharma brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
GNR-Pharma brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
GenacMeSH, HMDB
Génévrier brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Hermes brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Heumann brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Monosodium salt acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
MucosilMeSH, HMDB
NAC alMeSH, HMDB
NAC, bisolvonMeSH, HMDB
Oberlin brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Pfleger brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Produpharm lappe brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Roberts brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Roche nicholas brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
SiranMeSH, HMDB
Sodium, acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Temmler brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Teva brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Zambon brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Zambon, nacMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcystein atidMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcystein, mentopinMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine azupharma brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine centrafarm brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine hermes brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine krewel brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine temmler brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine teva brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine upsa brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine zyma brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine, (DL)-isomerMeSH, HMDB
Betapharm brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Bristol myers squibb brand OF acetylcysteine sodium saltMeSH, HMDB
Disphar brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Farmasan brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
FluimucilMeSH, HMDB
JenapharmMeSH, HMDB
Klinge brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Lindopharm brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
MPectilMeSH, HMDB
Merck brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
MucosolMeSH, HMDB
NAC zambonMeSH, HMDB
SiccoralMeSH, HMDB
Trommsdorff brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Zyma brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Mentopin acetylcysteinMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcystein alMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcystein heumannMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcystein tromMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine aluid brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine disphar brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine GNR-pharma brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine lichtenstein brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine merck brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine oberlin brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine roberts brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine sodiumMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine thiemann brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine zincMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine, monoammonium saltMeSH, HMDB
AcetystMeSH, HMDB
Acid, mercapturicMeSH, HMDB
AirbronMeSH, HMDB
Alcon brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Aluid brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
AlveolexMeSH, HMDB
Atid brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
AzubronchinMeSH, HMDB
Boehringer ingelheim brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Bristol-myers squibb brand OF acetylcysteine sodium saltMeSH, HMDB
broncho FipsMeSH, HMDB
BroncholysinMeSH, HMDB
Centrafarm brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
CodotussylMeSH, HMDB
CystamucilMeSH, HMDB
dampo MucopectMeSH, HMDB
HoestilMeSH, HMDB
Hustengetränk, optipectMeSH, HMDB
Inpharzam brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Intra brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Larylin nacMeSH, HMDB
LindocetylMeSH, HMDB
m PectilMeSH, HMDB
Mucopect, dampoMeSH, HMDB
MucosolvinMeSH, HMDB
Optipect hustengetränkMeSH, HMDB
Sanigen, mucoMeSH, HMDB
SolmucolMeSH, HMDB
Thiemann brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Whitehall brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Zinc, acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
AcebrausMeSH, HMDB
DurabronchalMeSH, HMDB
AcetabsMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine atid brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine bioiberica brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine guerbet brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine génévrier brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine heumann brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine hydrochlorideMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine intra brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine pfleger brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine trommsdorff brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine zambon brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine ac-pharma brandMeSH, HMDB
Acetylcysteine, (D)-isomerMeSH, HMDB
AcetylinMeSH, HMDB
Azupharma brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Bisolvon nacMeSH, HMDB
Bouchara brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Bristol-myers squibb brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
broncho-FipsMeSH, HMDB
BronchoFipsMeSH, HMDB
BroncoclarMeSH, HMDB
FabrolMeSH, HMDB
FrekatussMeSH, HMDB
Guerbet brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Hydrochloride, acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
IlubeMeSH, HMDB
JenacysteinMeSH, HMDB
Krewel brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
LantamedMeSH, HMDB
Lichtenstein brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
m-PectilMeSH, HMDB
Monoammonium salt acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
MuciteranMeSH, HMDB
muco SanigenMeSH, HMDB
MucomystMeSH, HMDB
N Acetyl L cysteineMeSH, HMDB
N AcetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Pharbita brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
UPSA brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Ac pharma brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
Ac-pharma brand OF acetylcysteineMeSH, HMDB
AcetylcysteineChEBI
Chemical FormulaC5H9NO3S
Average Molecular Mass163.195 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass163.030 g/mol
CAS Registry Number616-91-1
IUPAC Name(2R)-2-acetamido-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid
Traditional Nameacetylcysteine
SMILESCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C5H9NO3S/c1-3(7)6-4(2-10)5(8)9/h4,10H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t4-/m0/s1
InChI KeyPWKSKIMOESPYIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-acyl-l-alpha-amino acids. These are n-acylated alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentN-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • N-acyl-l-alpha-amino acid
  • Cysteine or derivatives
  • Acetamide
  • Carboxamide group
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Alkylthiol
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginNot Available
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility5.09 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.03ALOGPS
logP-0.71ChemAxon
logS-1.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.82ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area66.4 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity37.67 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability15.34 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-0i00-2970000000-d817070e3a42f5e63ec5Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-01ox-9000000000-192b8907b32f1e180c72Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0i00-2970000000-d817070e3a42f5e63ec5Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0006-9300000000-13c710ac0e0547e1ec40Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0100-9400000000-f5d15a7328f8eeae70feSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00di-0900000000-b0d92bfcc2536077a6fcSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-004i-9000000000-f305286cee84e6ae992bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4l-9000000000-b10b4a2a6383336db871Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-056u-9100000000-dee19b6f8563eed2051aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-00di-2900000000-193b1f4952acc2d05623Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-05i0-9800000000-f7137c548e759655c43bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-65dc0cf1be1f7faf55aeSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-e55a53ec6cd33256625cSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 0V, Positivesplash10-0229-1900000000-3e0a700d54f883459247Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-218c3634602dff3b0ef7Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-0a6r-9000000000-2f5a099f36fbc10b636bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-001i-9000000000-139c43a5e4b22393c761Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-001i-9100000000-85cb2a9affac4a096836Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-001i-9000000000-cf25c215d3b2da99e302Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 0V, Positivesplash10-0229-3900000000-2b2f710043af50879a7aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0006-9100000000-a3a7de05cec65f647848Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-001i-9100000000-47a9c1939aac577c2793Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-001i-9100000000-be087caed53fbf56c467Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-066r-9000000000-e49809cd4e6d92af0e53Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-03k9-1900000000-1fd4ac48c9f822eb3500Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-6900000000-d0c51a69ac11096d05c3Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-00di-9200000000-218fead85424144539bdSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-2900000000-55d7f2c18d3e85caad05Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-01zi-6900000000-ceec8ba29592de7e4362Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-001l-9200000000-fca1bad01b5fff79588bSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)Not Available
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB06151
HMDB IDHMDB0001890
FooDB IDFDB002281
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDCPD-9175
METLIN ID784
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkAcetylcysteine
Chemspider ID11540
ChEBI ID28939
PubChem Compound ID12035
Kegg Compound IDC06809
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10651166
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17174578
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2026726
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24119926
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25553484
6. Pan L, Yu J, Mi Z, Mo L, Jin H, Yao C, Ren D, Menghe B: A Metabolomics Approach Uncovers Differences between Traditional and Commercial Dairy Products in Buryatia (Russian Federation). Molecules. 2018 Mar 22;23(4). pii: molecules23040735. doi: 10.3390/molecules23040735.
7. Wilkes JM, Clark LE, Herrera JL: Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy. South Med J. 2005 Nov;98(11):1118-22.
8. Weigand MA, Plachky J, Thies JC, Spies-Martin D, Otto G, Martin E, Bardenheuer HJ: N-acetylcysteine attenuates the increase in alpha-glutathione S-transferase and circulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 after reperfusion in humans undergoing liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2001 Aug 27;72(4):694-8.
9. Soheili Majd E, Goldberg M, Stanislawski L: In vitro effects of ascorbate and Trolox on the biocompatibility of dental restorative materials. Biomaterials. 2003 Jan;24(1):3-9.
10. Cereser C, Boget S, Parvaz P, Revol A: Thiram-induced cytotoxicity is accompanied by a rapid and drastic oxidation of reduced glutathione with consecutive lipid peroxidation and cell death. Toxicology. 2001 Jun 21;163(2-3):153-62.
11. Hein OV, Ohring R, Schilling A, Oellerich M, Armstrong VW, Kox WJ, Spies C: N-acetylcysteine decreases lactate signal intensities in liver tissue and improves liver function in septic shock patients, as shown by magnetic resonance spectroscopy: extended case report. Crit Care. 2004 Apr;8(2):R66-71. Epub 2004 Jan 22.
12. Kramers C, Jansman FG, Droogleever Fortuyn H: [A patient who refused treatment after self-poisoning with paracetamol]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006 Jul 22;150(29):1601-4.
13. Lucena MI, Lopez-Torres E, Verge C, Andrade RJ, Puche MJ, Seoane J, de la Cuesta FS: The administration of N-acetylcysteine causes a decrease in prothrombin time in patients with paracetamol overdose but without evidence of liver impairment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;17(1):59-63.
14. Langman M, Boyle P: Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Gut. 1998 Oct;43(4):578-85.
15. Alscher DM, Braun N, Biegger D, Stuelten C, Gawronski K, Murdter TE, Kuhlmann U, Fritz P: Induction of metallothionein in proximal tubular cells by zinc and its potential as an endogenous antioxidant. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2005;28(3):127-33. Epub 2005 Apr 5.
16. Hook GE, Gilmore LB, Talley FA: Dissolution and reassembly of tubular myelin-like multilamellated structures from the lungs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Lab Invest. 1986 Aug;55(2):194-208.
17. Faucet-Marquis V, Pont F, Stormer FC, Rizk T, Castegnaro M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A: Evidence of a new dechlorinated ochratoxin A derivative formed in opossum kidney cell cultures after pretreatment by modulators of glutathione pathways: correlation with DNA-adduct formation. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006 May;50(6):530-42.
18. Dawson AH, Henry DA, McEwen J: Adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine during treatment for paracetamol poisoning. Med J Aust. 1989 Mar 20;150(6):329-31.
19. Bailey B, McGuigan MA: Management of anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jun;31(6):710-5.
20. Jones AL: Mechanism of action and value of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of early and late acetaminophen poisoning: a critical review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(4):277-85.
21. Breitkreutz R, Pittack N, Nebe CT, Schuster D, Brust J, Beichert M, Hack V, Daniel V, Edler L, Droge W: Improvement of immune functions in HIV infection by sulfur supplementation: two randomized trials. J Mol Med (Berl). 2000;78(1):55-62.
22. Fulghesu AM, Ciampelli M, Muzj G, Belosi C, Selvaggi L, Ayala GF, Lanzone A: N-acetyl-cysteine treatment improves insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2002 Jun;77(6):1128-35.
23. Bachert C, Hormann K, Mosges R, Rasp G, Riechelmann H, Muller R, Luckhaupt H, Stuck BA, Rudack C: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis and nasal polyposis. Allergy. 2003 Mar;58(3):176-91.
24. Brunk E, Sahoo S, Zielinski DC, Altunkaya A, Drager A, Mih N, Gatto F, Nilsson A, Preciat Gonzalez GA, Aurich MK, Prlic A, Sastry A, Danielsdottir AD, Heinken A, Noronha A, Rose PW, Burley SK, Fleming RMT, Nielsen J, Thiele I, Palsson BO: Recon3D enables a three-dimensional view of gene variation in human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2018 Mar;36(3):272-281. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4072. Epub 2018 Feb 19.