Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-05-19 02:22:08 UTC
Update Date2016-11-09 01:09:52 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM007166
Identification
Common NameDL-PHENYLALANINE
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionPhenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor oL-Phenylalanine melanin, , (norepinephrine), and .
Contaminant Sources
  • EAFUS Chemicals
  • FooDB Chemicals
  • HPV EPA Chemicals
  • STOFF IDENT Compounds
  • ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals
Contaminant TypeNot Available
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acidChEBI
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acidChEBI
3-Phenyl-L-alanineChEBI
beta-Phenyl-L-alanineChEBI
FChEBI
PheChEBI
PHENYLALANINEChEBI
(S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionateGenerator
(S)-a-Amino-b-phenylpropionateGenerator
(S)-a-Amino-b-phenylpropionic acidGenerator
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionateGenerator
(S)-Α-amino-β-phenylpropionateGenerator
(S)-Α-amino-β-phenylpropionic acidGenerator
b-Phenyl-L-alanineGenerator
Β-phenyl-L-alanineGenerator
(-)-beta-PhenylalanineHMDB
(L)-PhenylalanineHMDB
(S)-(-)-PhenylalanineHMDB
(S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoateHMDB
(S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoic acidHMDB
(S)-alpha-Amino-benzenepropanoateHMDB
(S)-alpha-Amino-benzenepropanoic acidHMDB
(S)-alpha-AminobenzenepropanoateHMDB
(S)-alpha-Aminobenzenepropanoic acidHMDB
(S)-alpha-AminohydrocinnamateHMDB
(S)-alpha-Aminohydrocinnamic acidHMDB
(S)-PhenylalanineHMDB
alpha-AminohydrocinnamateHMDB
alpha-Aminohydrocinnamic acidHMDB
beta-Phenyl-alpha-alanineHMDB
beta-PhenylalanineHMDB
L-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionateHMDB
L-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acidHMDB
Phenyl-alanineHMDB
PhenylalamineHMDB
L-Isomer phenylalanineHMDB
Phenylalanine, L isomerHMDB
Phenylalanine, L-isomerHMDB
EndorphenylHMDB
(6S)-TetrahydrofolateHMDB
(6S)-Tetrahydrofolic acidHMDB
(6S)-THFAHMDB
5,6,7,8-TetrahydrofolateHMDB
TetrahydrofolateHMDB
THFHMDB
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acidHMDB
Chemical FormulaC9H11NO2
Average Molecular Mass165.189 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass165.079 g/mol
CAS Registry Number150-30-1
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
Traditional NameL-phenylalanine
SMILESNC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(O)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C9H11NO2/c10-8(9(11)12)6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6,10H2,(H,11,12)
InChI KeyCOLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentPhenylalanine and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenylalanine or derivatives
  • 3-phenylpropanoic-acid
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • Amphetamine or derivatives
  • L-alpha-amino acid
  • Aralkylamine
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Benzenoid
  • Amino acid
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginNot Available
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility4.14 g/LALOGPS
logP-1.4ALOGPS
logP-1.2ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.47ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.45ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area63.32 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity45.12 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability17.03 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)splash10-0fr6-1930000000-a37fbccaf826443ef70cSpectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-1940000000-537e2725d621246630c1Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)splash10-00di-9630000000-ead0919f9a19d2352d80Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)splash10-00di-2900000000-cb2d6dc4bf9515150328Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-014l-2960000000-f77489792f0652dd5613Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-0970000000-792b341dd28b9e30bac2Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0fr6-1930000000-a37fbccaf826443ef70cSpectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-1940000000-537e2725d621246630c1Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized)splash10-0ul9-3659000000-b85be4e71798e2fdc47bSpectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-9630000000-ead0919f9a19d2352d80Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-2900000000-cb2d6dc4bf9515150328Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-2960000000-f77489792f0652dd5613Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-006x-9600000000-df38fcb743d8f44fb876Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-7900000000-f21569d2ec75b88e1bdaSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-014i-0900000000-0f3b994108b8a9fd2a56Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0gb9-2900000000-c14d44c8a67621757f3dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-004i-9300000000-08c642dab7f49c00da43Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-7dce1e473976f7d2143eSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0f6x-9600000000-711557391093b0d8500aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-0c25a5c116eac7bb059bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-2804f79084ac4e67e155Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-8a71bb1f8424064d7cafSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0f6x-9800000000-e027ff6bb67ce55e80a5Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-9f6185e9c7d54189f369Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-df5f72fe2bba91742427Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0ir3-0988735721-bac229222fe7b52812a8Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0002-0900000000-453477dec847a3672ffeSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0a4i-0010963000-079a66bf710f6778bcebSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-00di-0000009000-62dbe98de4ecde484fb3Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-0900000000-80558c17dc1845663c85Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-0002-3900000000-e1ee31d41e48824e84b7Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-0f6x-9500000000-cc11290a37615f24e16eSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-1a6020bce0e1a9a14832Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-38c044a112152626962eSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-9b908abfcb63153d60b3Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-1900000000-3ba5964e151bb1d56188Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positivesplash10-00di-2900000000-20a7d24da0281f5b3b78Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positivesplash10-0udi-5900000000-1800642a835b49f3398aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positivesplash10-0fb9-9300000000-f262384c85fb843f8a11Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-00dl-9300000000-4782928378caea601f9bSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)Not Available
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00120
HMDB IDHMDB0000159
FooDB IDFDB004940
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00001386
BiGG ID33775
BioCyc IDPHE
METLIN ID28
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPhenylalanine
Chemspider ID5910
ChEBI ID17295
PubChem Compound ID6140
Kegg Compound IDC00079
YMDB IDYMDB00304
ECMDB IDECMDB00159
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
1. Zhou, Hua; Zhong, Yao; Sun, Guanghai; Wei, Ping. Preparation of L-phenylalanine by an aqueous two-phase system. Huaxue Fanying Gongcheng Yu Gongyi (2006), 22(2), 146-150.
2. Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563.
3. Melzer N, Wittenburg D, Hartwig S, Jakubowski S, Kesting U, Willmitzer L, Lisec J, Reinsch N, Repsilber D: Investigating associations between milk metabolite profiles and milk traits of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2013 Mar;96(3):1521-34. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5743.
4. Mung D, Li L: Development of Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS for Milk Metabolomics: Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Amine/Phenol Submetabolome. Anal Chem. 2017 Apr 18;89(8):4435-4443. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03737. Epub 2017 Mar 28.
5. Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Nurnberger N, Sigl G, Gronwald W, Wiedemann S, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ: Correlations between milk and plasma levels of amino and carboxylic acids in dairy cows. J Proteome Res. 2013 Nov 1;12(11):5223-32. doi: 10.1021/pr4006537. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
6. Mung D, Li L: Applying quantitative metabolomics based on chemical isotope labeling LC-MS for detecting potential milk adulterant in human milk. Anal Chim Acta. 2018 Feb 25;1001:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.019. Epub 2017 Nov 14.
7. Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386
8. A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation)
9. Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en
10. Zhou, Hua; Zhong, Yao; Sun, Guanghai; Wei, Ping. Preparation of L-phenylalanine by an aqueous two-phase system. Huaxue Fanying Gongcheng Yu Gongyi (2006), 22(2), 146-150.
11. Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20.
12. Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14.
13. Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6.
14. Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24.
15. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7.
16. Doellgast GJ, Meis PJ: Use of specific inhibitors to disciminate alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes originating from human liver, placenta and intestine: absence of meconial alkaline phosphatase in maternal serum. Clin Chem. 1979 Jul;25(7):1230-3.
17. Wannemacher RW Jr, Klainer AS, Dinterman RE, Beisel WR: The significance and mechanism of an increased serum phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio during infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1976 Sep;29(9):997-1006.
18. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7.
19. Kersemans V, Cornelissen B, Kersemans K, Bauwens M, Achten E, Dierckx RA, Mertens J, Slegers G: In vivo characterization of 123/125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine in an R1M rhabdomyosarcoma athymic mouse model as a potential tumor tracer for SPECT. J Nucl Med. 2005 Mar;46(3):532-9.
20. Klassen P, Furst P, Schulz C, Mazariegos M, Solomons NW: Plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy Guatemalan adults and in patients with classic dengue. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Mar;73(3):647-52.
21. Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75.
22. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50.
23. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7.
24. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762.
25. van Spronsen FJ, Hoeksma M, Reijngoud DJ: Brain dysfunction in phenylketonuria: is phenylalanine toxicity the only possible cause? J Inherit Metab Dis. 2009 Feb;32(1):46-51. doi: 10.1007/s10545-008-0946-2. Epub 2009 Jan 13.
26. Adler-Abramovich L, Vaks L, Carny O, Trudler D, Magno A, Caflisch A, Frenkel D, Gazit E: Phenylalanine assembly into toxic fibrils suggests amyloid etiology in phenylketonuria. Nat Chem Biol. 2012 Aug;8(8):701-6. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1002. Epub 2012 Jun 17.
27. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043.
28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=13945318
29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16893175
30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17784858
31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21203787
32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21956539
33. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22081386
34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22112574
35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22143120
36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22209218
37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22494897
38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23836015
39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24464217
40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24733517
41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24966042