| Record Information |
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| Version | 1.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2014-09-11 05:18:03 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2016-11-09 01:09:13 UTC |
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| Accession Number | CHEM003778 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Gentian Violet |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties. |
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| Contaminant Sources | - HMDB Contaminants - Urine
- T3DB toxins
- ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals
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| Contaminant Type | - Amine
- Anti-Infective Agent, Local
- Drug
- Metabolite
- Organic Compound
- Synthetic Compound
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| Crystal violet carbocation | ChEBI | | Crystal violet ion(1) | ChEBI | | Crystal violet(1+) | ChEBI | | Gentian violet carbocation | ChEBI | | Gentian violet cation | ChEBI | | Gentian violet(1+) | ChEBI | | Crystal violet | HMDB |
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| Chemical Formula | C25H30N3 |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 372.526 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 372.244 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 14426-25-6 |
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| IUPAC Name | 4-{bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium |
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| Traditional Name | gentian violet |
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| SMILES | CN(C)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C1=CC=C(C=C1)N(C)C)=C1C=CC(C=C1)=[N+](C)C |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C25H30N3/c1-26(2)22-13-7-19(8-14-22)25(20-9-15-23(16-10-20)27(3)4)21-11-17-24(18-12-21)28(5)6/h7-18H,1-6H3/q+1 |
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| InChI Key | LGLFFNDHMLKUMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Benzenoids |
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| Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Diphenylmethanes |
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| Direct Parent | Diphenylmethanes |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Diphenylmethane
- Aniline or substituted anilines
- Dialkylarylamine
- Tertiary aliphatic/aromatic amine
- Secondary ketimine
- Azomethine
- Tertiary amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organonitrogen compound
- Amine
- Organic cation
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Membrane
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | White powder. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | 215°C | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | 4 mg/mL |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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| Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0pi0-3049000000-80f825970014ad316343 | Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-00di-0009000000-a180c3b409add4294548 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-00di-1009000000-280bb4ba1bf4de1f499c | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-00di-9134000000-e868f5dd8c887ae09188 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-00di-0009000000-04443be1085d68e12981 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-00di-0009000000-6c18d897813c5e051baa | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-00xr-9007000000-e9e03d7198bf6e7ffaf7 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-00di-0009000000-d19ae55e6f44c6c20e81 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-00di-0009000000-fa424c62ab49e3723797 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-100c-0049000000-e89b52ae60e84c397fa5 | Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Not Available |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Gentian Violet is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen. |
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| Metabolism | Primarily hepatic, mostly demethylation |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50=420 mg/kg (rat, oral).
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | For the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections inside the mouth (thrush) and skin, also for the prevention of transmission of Chagas' disease (as a blood additive). |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides. |
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| Symptoms | Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result. |
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| Treatment | If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally. |
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| Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | DB00406 |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0014550 |
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| FooDB ID | Not Available |
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| Phenol Explorer ID | Not Available |
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| KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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| BiGG ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| METLIN ID | Not Available |
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| PDB ID | CVI |
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| Wikipedia Link | Crystal violet |
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| Chemspider ID | 3349 |
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| ChEBI ID | 77181 |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 3468 |
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| Kegg Compound ID | Not Available |
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| YMDB ID | Not Available |
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| ECMDB ID | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Hiep Do, Daniel J. Spangler, Joel Rosenblatt, Barrett Remington, Onajite Okoh, “High concentration gentian violet containing medical devices and methods of making same.” U.S. Patent US20090130171, issued May 21, 2009. |
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| MSDS | Link |
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| General References | Not Available |
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