Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:19:27 UTC
Update Date2026-04-17 17:48:12 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM003274
Identification
Common NameCholesterol
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionCholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, as researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Because of the mechanism of synthesis plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes, cholesterol esterase, to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and working of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ, where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxification) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol (that are from food and especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile). In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol, and are converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a world-wide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with cholesterol has always been specifically with cholesterol transport patterns, not total cholesterol per se. For example, total cholesterol can be low, yet made up primarily of small LDL and small HDL particles and atheroma growth rates are high. In contrast, however, if LDL particle number is low (mostly large particles) and a large percentage of the HDL particles are large (HDL is actively reverse transporting cholesterol), then atheroma growth rates are usually low, even negative, for any given total cholesterol concentration. These effects are further complicated by the relative concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in the endothelium, since ADMA down-regulates production of nitric oxide, a relaxant of the endothelium. Thus, high levels of ADMA, associated with highly oxidized levels of LDL, pose a heightened risk factor for vascular disease.
Contaminant Sources
  • Cosmetic Chemicals
  • FooDB Chemicals
  • HMDB Contaminants - Feces
  • IARC Carcinogens Group 3
  • STOFF IDENT Compounds
  • T3DB toxins
  • ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals
Contaminant Type
  • Animal Toxin
  • Food Toxin
  • Household Toxin
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(+)-ent-CholesterolHMDB
(-)-CholesterolHMDB
(20BFH)-Cholest-5-en-3b-olHMDB
(3b)-Cholest-5-en-3-olHMDB
(3beta)-Cholest-5-en-3-olHMDB
20-Epi-cholesterolHMDB
20-iso-CholesterolHMDB
20BFH-Cholest-5-en-3b-olHMDB
3beta-Hydroxycholest-5-eneHMDB
5-Cholesten-3b-olHMDB
5-Cholesten-3beta-olHMDB
5:6-Cholesten-3-olHMDB
5:6-Cholesten-3beta-olHMDB
Cholest-5-en-3-olHMDB
Cholest-5-en-3b-olHMDB
Cholest-5-en-3beta-olHMDB
CholesterinHMDB
CholesterineHMDB
Cholesterol base HHMDB
Cholesteryl alcoholHMDB
CholestrinHMDB
CholestrolHMDB
CordulanHMDB
DastarHMDB
DusolineHMDB
DusoranHMDB
DytholHMDB
EpicholesterinHMDB
EpicholesterolHMDB
Fancol CHHMDB
HydrocerinHMDB
KathroHMDB
LanolHMDB
Liquid crystal CN/9HMDB
nimco Cholesterol base HHMDB
nimco Cholesterol base no. 712HMDB
Super hartolanHMDB
TegolanHMDB
Chemical FormulaC27H46O
Average Molecular Mass386.654 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass386.355 g/mol
CAS Registry Number57-88-5
IUPAC Name(1S,2R,10S,11S,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-5-ol
Traditional Namecholest-5-en-3-ol
SMILES[H][C@@]12CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CC=C2CC(O)CC[C@]12C
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C27H46O/c1-18(2)7-6-8-19(3)23-11-12-24-22-10-9-20-17-21(28)13-15-26(20,4)25(22)14-16-27(23,24)5/h9,18-19,21-25,28H,6-8,10-17H2,1-5H3/t19-,21?,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1
InChI KeyHVYWMOMLDIMFJA-FNOPAARDSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassCholestane steroids
Direct ParentCholesterols and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Cholesterol-skeleton
  • Cholesterol
  • Hydroxysteroid
  • 3-hydroxysteroid
  • 3-hydroxy-delta-5-steroid
  • Delta-5-steroid
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Extracellular
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • All Tissues
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Bile Acid BiosynthesisSMP00035 Not Available
Steroid BiosynthesisSMP00023 map00100
SteroidogenesisSMP00130 map00140
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX)SMP00315 Not Available
Cholesteryl ester storage diseaseSMP00508 Not Available
Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia (CLAH) or Lipoid CAHSMP00371 Not Available
HypercholesterolemiaSMP00209 Not Available
Zellweger SyndromeSMP00316 Not Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point148°C
Boiling Point360°C (680°F)
Solubility9.5e-05 mg/mL
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.8e-05 g/LALOGPS
logP7.02ALOGPS
logP7.11ChemAxon
logS-7.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)18.2ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.4ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area20.23 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity120.62 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability50.7 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05fr-1109000000-3cc42021add80e72c319Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0006-3104900000-698223f49da0b0c1cf81Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-014r-0009000000-dccd68f70545aeac4fabSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-05p9-3149000000-7f25daf2b709c7e0d177Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0c00-6269000000-5333d0216e01a3e43367Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-000i-0009000000-dc853b29b9e884bbb03bSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-000i-0009000000-09d9608700564a6fef78Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0ldi-1009000000-96f6e67651380e1c959eSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureIngestion, endogenous production.
Mechanism of ToxicityCholesterol is essential for life. However, chronically high levels (from diet or from genetic predisposition or from diseases such as hyperlipidemia) of cholesterol and cholesterol esters lead to an excess of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. In healthy individuals the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Resistin, a protein secreted by fat tissue, has been shown to increase the production of LDL in human liver cells and also degrades LDL receptors in the liver. As a result, the liver is less able to clear cholesterol from the bloodstream. Resistin accelerates the accumulation of LDL in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease.
MetabolismCholesterol is not readily biodegradable and is primarily eliminated in the feces as bile acids. Only the liver possesses the enzymes to degrade significant amounts. Cholesterol and its oxidized metabolites (oxysterols) are transferred back from peripheral tissues in lipoprotein complexes to the liver for catabolism by conversion to oxysterols and bile acids. The latter are exported into the intestines to aid digestion. Until recently, it was believed that approximately 90% of cholesterol elimination from the body occurred via bile acids in humans. However, experiments with animal models now suggest that a significant amount is secreted directly into the intestines by a process known as trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux.
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (21)
Uses/SourcesFound in many foods (meats, eggs, milk, cheese, fish, shellfish) derived from animal products. Essential for membrane integrity. Used in steroid hormone synthesis.
Minimum Risk LevelIdeal plasma cholesterol (total free plust cholesterol ester) levels for adults should be <5200 uM or about <200 mg/dL. Chronically high values of >6200 uM (>240 mg/dL) are considered high risk and can lead to heart disease, atherosclerosis and stroke. The desirable LDL level is considered to be less than 100 mg/dL (2.6 mM)
Health EffectsHigh plasma levels lead to hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia which over a long period of time can lead to athersoclerosis, heart disease, stroke, poor kidney function. Extremely low levels of cholesterol (hypocholesterolemia) can lead to depression, cancer and cerebral hemorrhage. Chronically high levels of cholesterol are associated with at least 5 inborn errors of metabolism including: Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia, Hypercholesterolemia and Zellweger syndrome.
SymptomsThere are no visible symptoms of high serum cholesterol. The following are symptoms of cardiovascular diseases: shortness of breath, chest pain, pain or weakness in legs or arms, pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen, poor exercise tolerance, atherosclerotic plaques.
TreatmentCardiologists recommend that individuals 20 or older should be screened for high cholesterol at least once every five years, with more frequent screenings for anyone deemed to be at high risk for heart disease. The USDA recommends that those wishing to reduce their cholesterol through a change in diet should aim to consume less than 7% of their daily energy needs from saturated fat and fewer than 200 mg of cholesterol per day. Statin drugs (which are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are effective at reducing the amount of cholesterol produced in the liver. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends statin treatment for adults with an estimated 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease that is greater than 20%. Several types of cholesterol-lowering medication are available, including niacin, bile acid resins, dietary fiber, psyllium and fibrates. But statins are the treatment of choice for most individuals.
Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkCholesterol
Chemspider IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID11025495
Kegg Compound IDNot Available
YMDB IDYMDB00313
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis Reference

Tatu Miettenen, Ingmar Wester, Hannu Vanhanen, “Substance for lowering high cholesterol level in serum and methods for preparing and using the same.” U.S. Patent US6174560, issued February, 1944.

MSDSLink
General References
1. Shi Y, Zhang JH, Shi D, Jiang M, Zhu YX, Mei SR, Zhou YK, Dai K, Lu B: Selective solid-phase extraction of cholesterol using molecularly imprinted polymers and its application in different biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Nov 16;42(5):549-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.05.022. Epub 2006 Jul 21.
2. Jensen RG: The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. J Dairy Sci. 2002 Feb;85(2):295-350. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74079-4.
3. Jensen RG, Ferris AM, Lammi-Keefe CJ: The composition of milk fat. J Dairy Sci. 1991 Sep;74(9):3228-43. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78509-3.
4. Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386
5. USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/
6. Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en