ContaminantDB: Gamma-Aminobutyric acid

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Targets (16)XML

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2014-08-29 06:03:38 UTC

Update Date

2026-05-14 17:40:38 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM003210

Identification

Common Name

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the nervous systems of widely divergent species. It is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. In vertebrates, GABA acts at inhibitory synapses in the brain. GABA acts by binding to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre- and postsynaptic neurons. This binding causes the opening of ion channels to allow either the flow of negatively-charged chloride ions into the cell or positively-charged potassium ions out of the cell. This will typically result in a negative change in the transmembrane potential, usually causing hyperpolarization. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known. These include GABAA and GABAC ionotropic receptors, which are ion channels themselves, and GABAB metabotropic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that open ion channels via intermediaries (G proteins). Neurons that produce GABA as their output are called GABAergic neurons, and have chiefly inhibitory action at receptors in the vertebrate. Medium Spiny Cells are a typical example of inhibitory CNS GABAergic cells. GABA exhibits excitatory actions in insects, mediating muscle activation at synapses between nerves and muscle cells and also the stimulation of certain glands. GABA has also been shown to have excitatory roles in the vertebrate, most notably in the developing cortex. Organisms synthesize GABA from glutamate using the enzyme L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. It is worth noting that this involves converting the principal excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate) into the principal inhibitory one (GABA). Drugs that act as agonists of GABA receptors (known as GABA analogues or GABAergic drugs) or increase the available amount of GABA typically have relaxing, anti-anxiety and anti-convulsive effects. Doses of GABA 1 to 3 g orally also have been used effectively to raise the IQ of mentally retarded persons. GABA is found to be deficient in cerebrospinal fluid and brain in many studies of experimental and human epilepsy. Benzodiazepines (such as Valium) are useful in status epilepticus because they act on GABA receptors. GABA increases in the brain after administration of many seizure medications. Hence, GABA is clearly an antiepileptic nutrient. Inhibitors of GAM metabolism can also produce convulsions. Spasticity and involuntary movement syndromes, e.g., Parkinson's, Friedreich's ataxia, tardive dyskinesia, and Huntington's chorea are all marked by low GABA when amino acid levels are studied. Trials of 2 to 3 g of GABA given orally have been effective in various epilepsy and spasticity syndromes. Agents that elevate GABA also are useful in lowering hypertension. Three grams orally have been effective in control of blood pressure. GABA is decreased in various encephalopathies. GABA can reduce appetite and is decreased in hypoglycemics. GABA reduces blood sugar in diabetics. Chronic brain syndromes can also be marked by deficiency of GABA; GABA has many promising uses in therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of GABA may be useful in diagnosing very serious diseases. Vitamin B6, manganese, taurine and lysine can increase both GABA synthesis and effects, while aspartic acid and glutamic acid probably inhibit GABA effects. The brain's principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, along with serotonin and norepinephrine, is one of several neurotransmitters that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety and mood disorders. There are two principal subtypes of postsynaptic GABA receptor complexes, the GABA-A and GABA-B receptor complexes. Activation of the GABA-B receptor by GABA causes neuronal membrane hyperpolarization and a resultant inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In addition to binding sites for GABA, the GABA-A receptor has binding sites for benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and neurosteroids. GABA-A receptors are coupled to chloride ion channels; activation of the receptor induces increased inward chloride ion flux, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and neuronal inhibition. After release into the synapse, free GABA that does not bind to either the GABA-A or GABA-B receptor complexes can be taken up by neurons and glial cells. Four different membrane transporter proteins, known as GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1, which differ in their distribution in the CNS, are believed to mediate the uptake of synaptic GABA into neurons and glial cells. The GABA-A receptor subtype regulates neuronal excitability and rapid changes in fear arousal, such as anxiety, panic, and the acute stress response. Drugs that stimulate GABA-A receptors, such as the benzodiazepines and barbiturates, have anxiolytic and anti-seizure effects via GABA-A-mediated reduction of neuronal excitability, which effectively raises the seizure threshold. In support of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of the GABA-A receptor are findings that GABA-A antagonists produce convulsions in animals and the demonstration that there is decreased GABA-A receptor binding in a positron emission tomography (PET) study of patients with panic disorder. Low plasma GABA has been reported in some depressed patients and, in fact, may be a useful trait marker for mood disorders.

Contaminant Sources

Cosmetic Chemicals
EAFUS Chemicals
FooDB Chemicals
HMDB Contaminants - Feces
HMDB Contaminants - Urine
STOFF IDENT Compounds
T3DB toxins
ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals

Contaminant Type

Amine
Animal Toxin
Food Toxin
Metabolite
Natural Compound
Organic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
4-Aminobutanoic acid	ChEBI
4-Aminobutyric acid	ChEBI
4Abu	ChEBI
GABA	ChEBI
GAMMA-AMINO-butanoIC ACID	ChEBI
gamma-Amino-N-butyric acid	ChEBI
gamma-Aminobutanoic acid	ChEBI
gamma-Aminobuttersaeure	ChEBI
Omega-aminobutyric acid	ChEBI
Piperidic acid	ChEBI
Piperidinic acid	ChEBI
4-Aminobutyrate	Kegg
Gammalon	Kegg
4-Aminobutanoate	Generator
g-AMINO-butanoate	Generator
g-AMINO-butanoic acid	Generator
gamma-AMINO-butanoate	Generator
Γ-amino-butanoate	Generator
Γ-amino-butanoic acid	Generator
g-Amino-N-butyrate	Generator
g-Amino-N-butyric acid	Generator
gamma-Amino-N-butyrate	Generator
Γ-amino-N-butyrate	Generator
Γ-amino-N-butyric acid	Generator
g-Aminobutanoate	Generator
g-Aminobutanoic acid	Generator
gamma-Aminobutanoate	Generator
Γ-aminobutanoate	Generator
Γ-aminobutanoic acid	Generator
g-Aminobuttersaeure	Generator
Γ-aminobuttersaeure	Generator
Omega-aminobutyrate	Generator
Piperidate	Generator
Piperidinate	Generator
g-Aminobutyrate	Generator
g-Aminobutyric acid	Generator
gamma-Aminobutyrate	Generator
Γ-aminobutyrate	Generator
Γ-aminobutyric acid	Generator
3-Carboxypropylamine	HMDB
Aminalon	HMDB
Gaballon	HMDB
Gamarex	HMDB
gamma Aminobutyrate	HMDB
gamma Aminobutyric acid	HMDB
Gammalone	HMDB
Gammar	HMDB
Gammasol	HMDB
Mielogen	HMDB
Mielomade	HMDB
W-Aminobutyrate	HMDB
W-Aminobutyric acid	HMDB
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, calcium salt (2:1)	HMDB
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, hydrochloride	HMDB
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, zinc salt (2:1)	HMDB
4 Aminobutanoic acid	HMDB
4 Aminobutyric acid	HMDB
Lithium gaba	HMDB
gamma Aminobutyric acid, monolithium salt	HMDB
gamma Aminobutyric acid, monosodium salt	HMDB
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, monolithium salt	HMDB
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, monosodium salt	HMDB
Acid, hydrochloride gamma-aminobutyric	HMDB
Aminalone	HMDB
GABA, lithium	HMDB
Hydrochloride gamma-aminobutyric acid	HMDB
gamma Aminobutyric acid, hydrochloride	HMDB
4-Amino-butanoate	HMDB
gamma-Aminobutyric acid	KEGG

Chemical Formula

C₄H₉NO₂

Average Molecular Mass

103.120 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

103.063 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

56-12-2

IUPAC Name

4-aminobutanoic acid

Traditional Name

gamma(amino)-butyric acid

SMILES

NCCCC(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C4H9NO2/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h1-3,5H2,(H,6,7)

InChI Key

BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids having a (-NH2) group attached to the gamma carbon atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

Gamma amino acids and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Gamma amino acid or derivatives
Amino fatty acid
Straight chain fatty acid
Fatty acid
Fatty acyl
Amino acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Organic oxide
Organopnictogen compound
Primary amine
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Primary aliphatic amine
Organic oxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Organic nitrogen compound
Amine
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

monocarboxylic acid (CHEBI:16865 )
gamma-amino acid (CHEBI:16865 )
Amino fatty acids (C00334 )
Other amino acids (C00334 )
Biogenic amines (C00334 )
Amino fatty acids (LMFA01100039 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Extracellular
Lysosome
Membrane
Mitochondria

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Adrenal Cortex
Brain
Epidermis
Fibroblasts
Hippocampus
Kidney
Muscle
Nerve Cells
Neuron
Spleen
Testes

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Glutamate Metabolism	SMP00072	map00250
2-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D And L Form)	SMP00136	Not Available
4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	SMP00243	Not Available
GABA-Transaminase Deficiency	SMP00351	Not Available
Homocarnosinosis	SMP00385	Not Available
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency	SMP00567	Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	203°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	1300.0 mg/mL

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	365 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-3	ALOGPS
logP	-2.9	ChemAxon
logS	0.55	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4.53	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	10.22	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.32 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	25.46 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	10.62 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00dj-1900000000-f831f79dfcaeffa8b177	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00di-1900000000-2de9d92a2cfc7bc655f4	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00di-1900000000-73bbf2ee0803f058dbed	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00di-1901000000-85d4bd98af8534428b5a	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00di-0900000000-6be23968e972a414be51	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-1900000000-9a224763afd8ca892add	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00di-9800000000-d8906d09ca1872a6391c	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-0udi-1900000000-54db7e21790401045519	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)	splash10-00di-1901000000-b047af158215c2b5b8e8	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-001i-9000000000-21ea76dfb0da62031f1d	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-0901000000-5d60b0a446fd8122f613	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00dj-1900000000-f831f79dfcaeffa8b177	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-1900000000-2de9d92a2cfc7bc655f4	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-1900000000-73bbf2ee0803f058dbed	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-1901000000-85d4bd98af8534428b5a	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-0900000000-6be23968e972a414be51	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-1900000000-9a224763afd8ca892add	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-9800000000-d8906d09ca1872a6391c	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0udi-1900000000-54db7e21790401045519	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-1901000000-b047af158215c2b5b8e8	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00dj-1900000000-1219470a0be188da64e6	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0udi-0900000000-f7117dfaf9d856c95919	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0006-1900000000-e35585a985d8128d044e	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-d5f55a414ff1e8c65d9d	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0fk9-9700000000-4b2809309587240dd479	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0uxr-8900000000-ce0d8f44422836cd9965	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0005-9000000000-8ce5afb97d7c08821da3	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0005-9100000000-32c433b2c916697690f8	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0udi-0900000000-5831aaabdf53f3132ae5	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-9babfd4a6937ecba7318	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-e1c0c1485d846e9b123b	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0udi-0900000000-647d55ecf98850e7a875	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0udi-0900000000-7c107641a38922c88fca	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-9000000000-86718b349efad6334e3a	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-9000000000-a1e84e55e4b6c6628d5d	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0006-0009000000-29c22bf0ed844d09c0af	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-1d00adad47e42c60c340	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-0udi-1900000000-47b195fb74720cc99464	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-001i-9000000000-a14a52dc59bf9988bb44	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-0udi-5900000000-20c55b2809389d5ad83b	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	splash10-000i-9000000000-eca4c5aefca98751a11e	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	splash10-014j-9000000000-f0783316e09291749409	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	splash10-0005-9000000000-81837eb9c0b926cb0e81	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	splash10-0005-9000000000-8b48126992d7fa242636	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	splash10-000i-9000000000-7d4636efbc4e5d75872e	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-000i-9100000000-655f9d93a35bfa537583	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-00ku-9000000000-4a334d5e272576f62403	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-4a13b03446b3370ccd43	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-000i-9100000000-655f9d93a35bfa537583	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-00ku-9000000000-4a334d5e272576f62403	Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-001i-9000000000-dbf4f9e19a35f953a189	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
2D NMR	[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Not Available

Mechanism of Toxicity

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Chronically high levels of GABA are associated with at least 5 inborn errors of metabolism including: D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria, 4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency, GABA-Transaminase Deficiency, Homocarnosinosis and Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

Symptoms

Not Available

Treatment

Not Available

Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB02530

HMDB ID

HMDB0000112

FooDB ID