Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2009-11-10 22:01:10 UTC
Update Date2016-11-09 01:08:53 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM002573
Identification
Common NameCitrinin
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionCitrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are used in the production of human foods such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin is also produced by a variety of other fungi including Aspergillus niveus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Monascus ruber, Monascus purpureus, and Penicillium camemberti. It is usually found together with another nephrotoxic mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA). (10, 6). It causes mycotoxic nephropathy in livestock and has been implicated as a cause of Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever in humans.
Contaminant Sources
  • FooDB Chemicals
  • IARC Carcinogens Group 3
  • T3DB toxins
Contaminant Type
  • Ester
  • Ether
  • Food Toxin
  • Fungal Toxin
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Lachrymator
  • Metabolite
  • Mycotoxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(3R,4S)-4,6-Dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acidChEBI
(3R-trans)-4,6-Dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acidChEBI
(3R,4S)-4,6-Dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylateGenerator
(3R-trans)-4,6-Dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylateGenerator
(3R,4S)-8-Hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-4,6-dihydro-3H-isochromene-7-carboxylic acidHMDB
AntimycinHMDB
CitriainHMDB
CitrininChEBI
Chemical FormulaC13H14O5
Average Molecular Mass250.247 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass250.084 g/mol
CAS Registry Number518-75-2
IUPAC Name(3R,4S)-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-4,6-dihydro-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid
Traditional Nameantimycin
SMILES[H][C@]1(C)OC=C2C(O)=C(C(O)=O)C(=O)C(C)=C2[C@]1([H])C
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C13H14O5/c1-5-7(3)18-4-8-9(5)6(2)11(14)10(12(8)15)13(16)17/h4-5,7,15H,1-3H3,(H,16,17)/t5-,7-/m1/s1
InChI KeyCQIUKKVOEOPUDV-IYSWYEEDSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzopyrans. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to a pyran ring. Pyran a six-membered heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring, made up of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom and containing two double bonds.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassBenzopyrans
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentBenzopyrans
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Benzopyran
  • Vinylogous acid
  • Cyclic ketone
  • Ketone
  • Oxacycle
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Enol
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceLemon-yellow needles. Solution changes color with change in pH, from lemon-yellow at pH 4.6 to cherry-red at pH 9.9. (3)
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point178.5°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.16 g/LALOGPS
logP1.23ALOGPS
logP0.81ChemAxon
logS-2.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.55ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area83.83 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity65.25 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability25.01 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-07ii-1950000000-bf6353469eb59dfd035eSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-004i-3409000000-998272da21093d63d473Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qToF , Positivesplash10-001i-0290000000-19d08795fea7c80d6d85Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-001i-0290000000-19d08795fea7c80d6d85Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-056r-0910000000-dc73977534605fabc153Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a6r-0980000000-0b8bfd0f8f61fc57c4a8Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0002-0290000000-7d633abf71a04d44c8d5Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-066r-0920000000-707727c1075dd45d7108Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0f89-0090000000-d154c54944621174eae4Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-001i-0090000000-fe2b94b81a1bd47da23cSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0090000000-448b730e55729839783fSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0pc0-1390000000-b2d7bec5177df13bf6b2Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0udi-9400000000-8c38a7814bc7b5aa2429Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0a4j-0090000000-cca6d7a143b768fc5b3dSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-0390000000-4f2f5c7982385791b46fSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-015j-3910000000-b3cbc912af168ecaeb68Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-052b-0090000000-27ccf87acb59e5348617Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a4j-0190000000-b3dc2138a209a34bc5d4Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-000i-1900000000-488f0638f8ef7fb1568fSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0ue9-0090000000-719d816638185ee9f2d3Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-001i-0090000000-e68e48c0c6d1b9e9fce4Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0ll1-7790000000-34420a63944577cbd887Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (8)
Mechanism of ToxicityCitrinin produces proximal tubular necrosis, but only after transport into proximal tubular cells. It utilizes the organic anion transporter for entry into the cells, a transporter probably important physiologically for moving metabolic substrates into cells. Citrinin is also cytotoxic and increases formation of reactive oxygen species by stimulating the production of superoxide anion in the respiratory chain. It further potentiates this oxidative stress by modifying antioxidative enzymatic defences by inhibiting GSSG-reductase and transhydrogenase. Citrinin also alters mitochondrial function and permeability, decreasing Ca2+ accumulation in the matrix by inhibiting its influx and increasing its efflux. This is thought to induce apoptosis through the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, which is known to activate apoptosis-regulating caspases 3, 6, 7, and 9. Citrinin inhibits respiration by interfering with the NADH oxidase and NADH cytochrome c reductase involved with complex I of the respiratory chain. Mycotoxins are often able to enter the liver and kidney by human organic anion transporters (hOATs) and human organic cation transporters (hOCTs). They can also inhibit uptake of anions and cations by these transporters, interefering with the secretion of endogenous metabolites, drugs, and xenobiotics including themselves. This results in increased cellular accumulation of toxic compounds causing nephro- and hepatotoxicity. (2, 5, 6, 7)
MetabolismThe major urinary metabolite of CTN is dihydrocitrinone. (6)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 112 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (4) LD50: 50 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (6) LD50: 67 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat) (6)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (9)
Uses/SourcesCitrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are used in the production of human foods such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin is also produced by a variety of other fungi including Aspergillus niveus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Monascus ruber, Monascus purpureus, and Penicillium camemberti. (10)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsCitrinin acts as a nephrotoxin. It causes mycotoxic nephropathy in livestock and has been implicated as a cause of Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever in humans. Though the kidney is the major target organ of citrinin toxicity, other target organs such as liver and bone marrow have also been reported. (10, 6)
SymptomsIrritation of the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract, depending on the route of exposure. May produce an allergic hypersensitivity dermatitis or asthma with bronchospasm and wheezing with chronic exposure. (1)
TreatmentIn case of oral exposure, consider gastric lavage and/or activated charcoal. Immediate dilution with milk or water may be of benefit in caustic or irritant chemical ingestions. In case of inhalation, consider moving patient to frsh air. Maintain ventilation, and oxygenation. In case of eye or skin contact, consider decontamination of the exposed region. (1)
Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB0041857
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00029979
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkCitrinin
Chemspider ID10222475
ChEBI ID48707
PubChem Compound IDNot Available
Kegg Compound IDC16765
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General ReferencesNot Available