Amanullinic acid is one of a group of at least eight Amatoxins found in several genera of poisonous mushrooms, most notably Amanita phalloides and several other members of the genus Amanita, as well as some Conocybe, Galerina and Lepiota mushroom species. (3)
belongs to the class of organic compounds known as amatoxins. These are cyclic peptides containing eight amino acid residues arranged in a macrobicyclic motif.
Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (1)
Mechanism of Toxicity
The major toxic mechanism of amatoxins is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA, and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies. (3)
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/Sources
Amatoxins are a subgroup of at least eight toxic compounds found in several genera of poisonous mushrooms, most notably Amanita phalloides and several other members of the genus Amanita, as well as some Conocybe, Galerina and Lepiota mushroom species. (3)
Minimum Risk Level
Not Available
Health Effects
Amatoxins cause liver damage. They may also affect the kidneys. The most severe effects are toxic hepatitis with centrolobular necrosis and hepatic steatosis, as well as acute tubulointerstitial nephropathy, which altogether induce a severe hepatorenal syndrome. (3)
Treatment involves high dose penicillin as well as supportive care in cases of hepatic and renal injury. Cautious attention is given to maintaining hemodynamic stability, although if hepatorenal syndrome has developed the prognosis is guarded at best. (3)
