Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2009-07-21 20:28:02 UTC
Update Date2026-03-31 17:34:49 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM002312
Identification
Common NameHydrocodone
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionHydrocodone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. [PubChem]Hydrocodone acts as a weak agonist at OP1, OP2, and OP3 opiate receptors within the central nervous system (CNS). Hydrocodone primarily affects OP3 receptors, which are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as modulators, both positive and negative, of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids such as hydrocodone also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon. Opioids close N-type voltage-operated calcium channels (OP2-receptor agonist) and open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP3 and OP1 receptor agonist). This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability.
Contaminant Sources
  • HMDB Contaminants - Urine
  • STOFF IDENT Compounds
  • T3DB toxins
Contaminant Type
  • Amine
  • Analgesic
  • Analgesic, Opioid
  • Antitussive Agent
  • Drug
  • Ether
  • Metabolite
  • Narcotic
  • Organic Compound
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(-)-DihydrocodeinoneChEBI
4,5-alpha-Epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-oneChEBI
DihydrocodeinoneChEBI
HidrocodonaChEBI
HydrocodonChEBI
HydrocodonumChEBI
HydroconeChEBI
HydroconumChEBI
IdrocodoneChEBI
4,5-a-Epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-oneGenerator
4,5-Α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-oneGenerator
HyconHMDB
CodinovoHMDB
HycodanHMDB
Hydrocodone tartrate (1:1), hydrate (2:5)HMDB
Knoll brand OF hydrocodone tartrateHMDB
Nourypharma brand OF hydrocodone tartrateHMDB
Robins brand OF hydrocodone tartrateHMDB
Wyeth brand OF hydrocodone tartrateHMDB
DicodidHMDB
Du pont brand OF hydrocodone tartrateHMDB
HydrocodeinonebitartrateHMDB
Hydrocodone bitartrateHMDB
HydroconHMDB
RobidoneHMDB
Chemical FormulaC18H21NO3
Average Molecular Mass299.364 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass299.152 g/mol
CAS Registry Number125-29-1
IUPAC Name(1S,5R,13R,17R)-10-methoxy-4-methyl-12-oxa-4-azapentacyclo[9.6.1.0¹,¹³.0⁵,¹⁷.0⁷,¹⁸]octadeca-7(18),8,10-trien-14-one
Traditional Namehydrocodone
SMILES[H][C@@]12OC3=C(OC)C=CC4=C3[C@@]11CCN(C)[C@]([H])(C4)[C@]1([H])CCC2=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C18H21NO3/c1-19-8-7-18-11-4-5-13(20)17(18)22-16-14(21-2)6-3-10(15(16)18)9-12(11)19/h3,6,11-12,17H,4-5,7-9H2,1-2H3/t11-,12+,17-,18-/m0/s1
InChI KeyLLPOLZWFYMWNKH-CMKMFDCUSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as morphinans. These are polycyclic compounds with a four-ring skeleton with three condensed six-member rings forming a partially hydrogenated phenanthrene moiety, one of which is aromatic while the two others are alicyclic.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassAlkaloids and derivatives
ClassMorphinans
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentMorphinans
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Morphinan
  • Phenanthrene
  • Isoquinolone
  • Tetralin
  • Coumaran
  • Anisole
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Aralkylamine
  • Piperidine
  • Benzenoid
  • Ketone
  • Tertiary amine
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Oxacycle
  • Ether
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point198°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityInsoluble
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.8 g/LALOGPS
logP2.13ALOGPS
logP1.96ChemAxon
logS-2.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)18ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.61ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area38.77 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity82.74 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability32.05 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a4i-2090000000-117774746c444c4e0488Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positivesplash10-0udi-0009000000-f21858df54194757e2d9Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positivesplash10-0udi-0009000000-9b129b5d29df52345272Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positivesplash10-0udi-0649000000-82623b23b75f0a0b232dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positivesplash10-0002-0920000000-b67ff5a32d0ddd40c4c7Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positivesplash10-006t-0900000000-0277ba7435a4081ab333Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positivesplash10-0g6v-0900000000-b335c52fad1274cd28cbSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0539000000-60e3ee4cd365c32565d2Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 90V, Positivesplash10-0g6v-0900000000-a3ca9b5bf55ce8c114d5Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 45V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0539000000-a9095e27f0dee030ee9aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0009000000-dfe701f042e4ae48fa1dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 60V, Positivesplash10-0002-0921000000-93f2238f422f7dbee100Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 75V, Positivesplash10-006t-0900000000-85ee173792972a321cc1Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 15V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0009000000-c527bc2c918e346dafb8Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0029000000-1c3fa3b4b1357be62616Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0udi-1098000000-f000ea847c9e68994f23Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-8090000000-dd4e0e79adfda3b828ccSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0002-0090000000-d9ab1faf7327dd439b2cSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0002-0090000000-2b3b1b2934a4489426fcSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-003r-1190000000-666f47c119770568eaf1Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0009000000-1d8c7ea64ca3af7aef5eSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0009000000-8b328c7a2ca4dc1b0c72Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0f6x-2091000000-71570a929a535e2fa4d2Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0002-0090000000-cf6f68fb1a2e8ad8e416Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0002-0090000000-cf6f68fb1a2e8ad8e416Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-000t-0090000000-0f770b43a2251fd7dba1Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0005-6970000000-3ba3e105098639cd6091Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral. Well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Mechanism of ToxicityHydrocodone acts as a weak agonist at OP1, OP2, and OP3 opiate receptors within the central nervous system (CNS). Hydrocodone primarily affects OP3 receptors, which are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as modulators, both positive and negative, of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids such as hydrocodone also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon. Opioids close N-type voltage-operated calcium channels (OP2-receptor agonist) and open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP3 and OP1 receptor agonist). This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability.
MetabolismHepatic and also in intestinal mucosa. Half Life: 1.25-3 hours
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 85.7mg/kg (Parenteral-subcutaneous, Mouse) (1)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesFor relief of moderate to moderately severe pain. Also used for the symptomatic relief of nonproductive cough, alone or in combination with other antitussives or expectorants.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsMedical problems can include congested lungs, liver disease, tetanus, infection of the heart valves, skin abscesses, anemia and pneumonia. Death can occur from overdose.
SymptomsSymptoms of overdose include respiratory depression (a decrease in respiratory rate and/or tidal volume, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cyanosis), extreme somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, dizziness, ringing in the ears, confusion, blurred vision, eye problems, cold and clammy skin, and sometimes bradycardia and hypotension. In severe overdose, apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest and death may occur.
TreatmentImmediate treatment includes support of cardiorespiratory function and measures to reduce drug absorption. Vomiting should be induced mechanically, or with syrup of ipecac, if the patient is alert (adequate pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes). Oral activated charcoal (1 g/kg) should follow gastric emptying. The first dose should be accompanied by an appropriate cathartic. If repeated doses are used, the cathartic might be included with alternate doses as required. Hypotension is usually hypovolemic and should respond to fluids. Vasopressors and other supportive measures should be employed as indicated. A cuffed endo-tracheal tube should be inserted before gastric lavage of the unconscious patient and, when necessary, to provide assisted respiration. Meticulous attention should be given to maintaining adequate pulmonary ventilation. In severe cases of intoxication, peritoneal dialysis, or preferably hemodialysis may be considered. Naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, can reverse respiratory depression and coma associated with opioid overdose. Naloxone hydrochloride 0.4 mg to 2 mg is given parenterally. Since the duration of action of hydrocodone may exceed that of the naloxone, the patient should be kept under continuous surveillance and repeated doses of the antagonist should be administered as needed to maintain adequate respiration. (3)
Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00956
HMDB IDHMDB0015091
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkHydrocodone
Chemspider ID4447623
ChEBI ID5779
PubChem Compound ID5284569
Kegg Compound IDC08024
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis Reference

Anne M. Hailes, Christopher E. French, Neil C. Bruce, “Morphinone reductase for the preparation of hydromorphone and hydrocodone.” U.S. Patent US5571685, issued November, 1990.

MSDSLink
General References
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=3211162