ContaminantDB: Biotin

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Targets (10)XML

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-07-21 20:26:07 UTC

Update Date

2026-03-26 23:19:01 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM002125

Identification

Common Name

Biotin

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Biotin is an enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Biotin is also known as vitamin H or B7 or coenzyme R. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin has been recognized as an essential nutrient. Our biotin requirement is fulfilled in part through diet, through endogenous reutilization of biotin and perhaps through capture of biotin generated in the intestinal flora. The utilization of biotin for covalent attachment to carboxylases and its reutilization through the release of carboxylase biotin after proteolytic degradation constitutes the 'biotin cycle'. Biotin deficiency is associated with neurological manifestations, skin rash, hair loss and metabolic disturbances that are thought to relate to the various carboxylase deficiencies (metabolic ketoacidosis with lactic acidosis). It has also been suggested that biotin deficiency is associated with protein malnutrition, and that marginal biotin deficiency in pregnant women may be teratogenic. Biotin acts as a carboxyl carrier in carboxylation reactions. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lysine residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lys residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biotin-dependent genes have been identified in various human tissues. Many biotin-dependent gene products play roles in signal transduction and localize to the cell nucleus, consistent with a role for biotin in cell signaling. Posttranscriptional events related to ribosomal activity and protein folding may further contribute to effects of biotin on gene expression. Finally, research has shown that biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase mediate covalent binding of biotin to histones (DNA-binding proteins), affecting chromatin structure; at least seven biotinylation sites have been identified in human histones. Biotinylation of histones appears to play a role in cell proliferation, gene silencing, and the cellular response to DNA repair. Roles for biotin in cell signaling and chromatin structure are consistent with the notion that biotin has a unique significance in cell biology. (6, 7).

Contaminant Sources

Cosmetic Chemicals
EAFUS Chemicals
FooDB Chemicals
HMDB Contaminants - Urine
STOFF IDENT Compounds
T3DB toxins
ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals

Contaminant Type

Amine
Animal Toxin
Dietary Supplement
Drug
Ether
Food Toxin
Household Toxin
Metabolite
Micronutrient
Natural Compound
Nutraceutical
Organic Compound
Supplement
Vitamin B Complex

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid	ChEBI
(3AS,4S,6ar)-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-valeric acid	ChEBI
5-(2-Oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid	ChEBI
Biotina	ChEBI
Biotine	ChEBI
Biotinum	ChEBI
cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid	ChEBI
cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid	ChEBI
cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-D)imidazoline-4-valeric acid	ChEBI
Coenzyme R	ChEBI
D-(+)-Biotin	ChEBI
D-Biotin	ChEBI
Vitamin b7	ChEBI
Vitamin H	ChEBI
Bioepiderm	Kegg
(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valerate	Generator
(3AS,4S,6ar)-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-valerate	Generator
5-(2-Oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoate	Generator
cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valerate	Generator
cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valerate	Generator
cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-D)imidazoline-4-valerate	Generator
(+)-Biotin	HMDB
-(+)-Biotin	HMDB
1SWK	HMDB
1SWN	HMDB
1SWR	HMDB
Biodermatin	HMDB
Bios H	HMDB
Bios II	HMDB
D(+)-Biotin	HMDB
D-Biotin factor S	HMDB
delta-(+)-Biotin	HMDB
delta-Biotin	HMDB
delta-Biotin factor S	HMDB
Factor S	HMDB
Factor S (vitamin)	HMDB
Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-D)imidazole-4-pentanoate	HMDB
Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-D)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid	HMDB
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoate	HMDB
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid	HMDB
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3alpha,4beta,6alpha)]-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoate	HMDB
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3alpha,4beta,6alpha)]-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid	HMDB
Lutavit H2	HMDB
Meribin	HMDB
Rovimix H 2	HMDB
Vitamin-H	HMDB
Biotin hermes brand	HMDB
Biotin roche brand	HMDB
Biotin simons brand	HMDB
Biotin strathmann brand	HMDB
Biotin ziethen brand	HMDB
Biotin ratiopharm	HMDB
Roche brand OF biotin	HMDB
Roche, biotine	HMDB
E+b pharma brand OF biotin	HMDB
Medobiotin	HMDB
Biokur	HMDB
Biotinratiopharm	HMDB
Gelfert, biotin	HMDB
Hermes brand OF biotin	HMDB
Hermes, biotin	HMDB
Medopharm brand OF biotin	HMDB
Ratiopharm brand OF biotin	HMDB
Biocur brand OF biotin	HMDB
Biotin dermapharm brand	HMDB
Biotine roche	HMDB
Deacura	HMDB
Dermapharm brand OF biotin	HMDB
Gabunat	HMDB
Medebiotin	HMDB
Rombellin	HMDB
Ziethen brand OF biotin	HMDB
Biotin biocur brand	HMDB
Biotin gelfert	HMDB
Biotin hermes	HMDB
Biotin medopharm brand	HMDB
Biotin ratiopharm brand	HMDB
Biotin-ratiopharm	HMDB
H, Vitamin	HMDB
Medea brand OF biotin sodium salt	HMDB
Simons brand OF biotin	HMDB
Strathmann brand OF biotin	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₃S

Average Molecular Mass

244.311 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

244.088 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

58-85-5

IUPAC Name

5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid

Traditional Name

5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid

SMILES

[H][C@]12CS[C@@H](CCCCC(O)=O)[C@@]1([H])NC(=O)N2

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C10H16N2O3S/c13-8(14)4-2-1-3-7-9-6(5-16-7)11-10(15)12-9/h6-7,9H,1-5H2,(H,13,14)(H2,11,12,15)/t6-,7-,9-/m0/s1

InChI Key

YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biotin and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds

Class

Biotin and derivatives

Sub Class

Not Available

Direct Parent

Biotin and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Biotin
Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative
Medium-chain fatty acid
Heterocyclic fatty acid
Thia fatty acid
Fatty acid
Fatty acyl
Thiolane
2-imidazoline
Isourea
Azacycle
Dialkylthioether
Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
Carboximidamide
Carboxylic acid derivative
Thioether
Carboxylic acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Organic nitrogen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organopnictogen compound
Organooxygen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

biotins (CHEBI:15956 )
Water-soluble vitamins (C00120 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Mitochondria
Nucleus

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

All Tissues
Prostate

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Biotin Metabolism	SMP00066	map00780
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1 (PEPCK1)	SMP00560	Not Available
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency	SMP00562	Not Available
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1A (GSD1A) or Von Gierke Disease	SMP00374	Not Available
2-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D And L Form)	SMP00136	Not Available
Threonine and 2-Oxobutanoate Degradation	SMP00452	Not Available
2-Methyl-3-Hydroxybutryl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	SMP00137	Not Available
2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency	SMP00549	Not Available
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type IV	SMP00141	Not Available
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency	SMP00138	Not Available
3-Methylcrotonyl Coa Carboxylase Deficiency Type I	SMP00237	Not Available
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type I	SMP00139	Not Available
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type III	SMP00140	Not Available
3-hydroxyisobutyric acid dehydrogenase deficiency	SMP00521	Not Available
3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria	SMP00522	Not Available
4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	SMP00243	Not Available
Transfer of Acetyl Groups into Mitochondria	SMP00466	Not Available
Citric Acid Cycle	SMP00057	map00020
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis	SMP00456	map00061
Lactic Acidemia	SMP00313	Not Available
Propionic Acidemia	SMP00236	Not Available
Isovaleric acidemia	SMP00524	Not Available
Congenital lactic acidosis	SMP00546	Not Available
Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders	SMP00201	Not Available
Malonic Aciduria	SMP00198	Not Available
Isovaleric Aciduria	SMP00238	Not Available
Methylmalonic Aciduria	SMP00200	Not Available
Alanine Metabolism	SMP00055	map00250
Ammonia Recycling	SMP00009	map00910
Beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency	SMP00173	Not Available
Biotinidase Deficiency	SMP00174	Not Available
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency	SMP00350	Not Available
Multiple carboxylase deficiency, neonatal or early onset form	SMP00564	Not Available
Isobutyryl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency	SMP00523	Not Available
Malonyl-coa decarboxylase deficiency	SMP00502	Not Available
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency	SMP00212	Not Available
Mitochondrial complex II deficiency	SMP00548	Not Available
Pyruvate Decarboxylase E1 Component Deficiency (PDHE1 Deficiency)	SMP00334	Not Available
Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	SMP00384	Not Available
Fumarase deficiency	SMP00547	Not Available
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (E3)	SMP00550	Not Available
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (E2)	SMP00551	Not Available
Pyruvate kinase deficiency	SMP00559	Not Available
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency	SMP00567	Not Available
Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation	SMP00032	map00280
Maple Syrup Urine Disease	SMP00199	Not Available
Glycogenosis, Type IA. Von gierke disease	SMP00581	Not Available
Gluconeogenesis	SMP00128	Not Available
Glutamate Metabolism	SMP00072	map00250
Glycogenosis, Type IB	SMP00573	Not Available
Glycogenosis, Type IC	SMP00574	Not Available
Homocarnosinosis	SMP00385	Not Available
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome	SMP00339	Not Available
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I	SMP00352	Not Available
Primary hyperoxaluria II, PH2	SMP00558	Not Available
Triosephosphate isomerase	SMP00563	Not Available
Leigh Syndrome	SMP00196	Not Available
Pyruvate Metabolism	SMP00060	map00620
Propanoate Metabolism	SMP00016	map00640

Applications

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	232 dec°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	220 mg/L (at 25°C)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	1.22 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	0.17	ALOGPS
logP	0.32	ChemAxon
logS	-2.3	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4.4	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-1.9	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	78.43 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	5	ChemAxon
Refractivity	60.05 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	24.92 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0f76-1960000000-b21ddd69490cac3254f8	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)	splash10-0f76-3960000000-a8a94e2de123f66979d8	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0f76-1960000000-b21ddd69490cac3254f8	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0f76-3960000000-a8a94e2de123f66979d8	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0006-6910000000-11bfe0a5a77f7dfaa8c5	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00dl-9680000000-eb01d8147a82f7982b54	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-0006-0090000000-6d956bb533d353d449c9	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-0006-0190000000-01f67d1bdf8c742e48c8	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-0fxx-3920000000-f0b9613cbd9371e4be92	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-0006-9400000000-107f2a44f521c2513578	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-1a3f65d909dc40055e87	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	splash10-004i-0090000000-c928e8d0a18f3f848262	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	splash10-066s-1920000000-5f795e0b7f1d7cf986e5	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	splash10-0ar1-1920000000-c298be862857cb3bbc7f	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	splash10-000t-0900000000-cdc4a4c359ff765fd32d	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive	splash10-05xs-1920000000-3be430b63e9c748c681a	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative	splash10-0006-0090000000-bcffb0dcf77e8fd727a4	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative	splash10-0f6x-0390000000-c209523d36e9a7681f44	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0006-0090000000-c0f81ee86772310db415	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0006-0190000000-016eb89528e564c74720	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0fxx-3920000000-f0b9613cbd9371e4be92	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0006-9400000000-107f2a44f521c2513578	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-d08e1b3709844e1e91b0	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-0006-0190000000-21d0f2512788276bbb89	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negative	splash10-0udj-0690000000-dc372934024e58bdcc60	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-002b-0290000000-43932f104dea28cbdfb8	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0002-1960000000-d3673c6bc624b97f35be	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-052f-9600000000-00a4e152d89024a9b423	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0006-1390000000-3f4b512cfa57b894ff94	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0f6y-7890000000-ea1e647fc5b31e42af0b	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0006-9100000000-e139c928dcc46b225bdb	Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-01pt-9500000000-a1e1ec56cf32236ac6b1	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
2D NMR	[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
2D NMR	[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Oral. Systemic - approximately 50%

Mechanism of Toxicity

Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids.

Metabolism

Not Available

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available