| Record Information |
|---|
| Version | 1.0 |
|---|
| Creation Date | 2009-07-05 17:25:24 UTC |
|---|
| Update Date | 2016-11-09 01:08:41 UTC |
|---|
| Accession Number | CHEM002103 |
|---|
| Identification |
|---|
| Common Name | Maitotoxin |
|---|
| Class | Small Molecule |
|---|
| Description | Maitotoxin (MTX) is an extremely potent toxin produced by a species of dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus toxicus). It activates calcium permeable, non-selective cation channels, leading to an increase in levels of cytosolic calcium ions. Ultimately, a cell death cascade is activated, resulting in membrane blebbing and eventually cell lysis. (2) |
|---|
| Contaminant Sources | |
|---|
| Contaminant Type | - Animal Toxin
- Ester
- Ether
- Marine Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
|
|---|
| Chemical Structure | |
|---|
| Synonyms | Not Available |
|---|
| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
|---|
| Average Molecular Mass | Not Available |
|---|
| Monoisotopic Mass | Not Available |
|---|
| CAS Registry Number | 59392-53-9 |
|---|
| IUPAC Name | Not Available |
|---|
| Traditional Name | Not Available |
|---|
| SMILES | Not Available |
|---|
| InChI Identifier | Not Available |
|---|
| InChI Key | Not Available |
|---|
| Chemical Taxonomy |
|---|
| Classification | Not classified |
|---|
| Biological Properties |
|---|
| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
|---|
| Origin | Exogenous |
|---|
| Cellular Locations | - Acrosome
- Actin Cytoskeleton
- Actin Filament
- Cell surface
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytosol
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Extracellular
- Membrane
- Microtubule
- Mitochondrion
- Nuclear Matrix
- Plasma Membrane
- Secretory Granule
|
|---|
| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
|---|
| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
|---|
| Pathways | |
|---|
| Applications | Not Available |
|---|
| Biological Roles | Not Available |
|---|
| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
|---|
| Physical Properties |
|---|
| State | Solid |
|---|
| Appearance | White powder. |
|---|
| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
|---|
| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | Not Available |
|
|---|
| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
|---|
| Spectra |
|---|
| Spectra | |
|---|
| Toxicity Profile |
|---|
| Route of Exposure | Injection (sting/bite) (3) |
|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Maitotoxin activates calcium permeable, non-selective cation channels, leading to an increase in levels of cytosolic calcium ions. It is thought that maitotoxin leads to the formation of pores on these ion channels. Ultimately, a cell death cascade is activated, resulting in membrane blebbing and eventually cell lysis. Maitotoxin is also known to activate cytosolic calcium-activated proteases calpain-1 and calpain-2, contributing to necrosis. (2) |
|---|
| Metabolism | Not Available |
|---|
| Toxicity Values | LD50: 50 ug/kg (Mouse) (2) |
|---|
| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
|---|
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
|---|
| Uses/Sources | Maitotoxin is an extremely potent toxin produced by a species of dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus toxicus). (2) |
|---|
| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
|---|
| Health Effects | Maitotoxin is a potent cytotoxin. (2) |
|---|
| Symptoms | Toxin from Gambierdiscus toxicus can cause a type of food poisoning called ciguatera. Hallmark symptoms of ciguatera include gastrointestinal and neurological effects. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea usually followed by neurological symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, paresthesia, numbness, ataxia, and hallucinations. Severe cases of ciguatera can also result in cold allodynia. (1) |
|---|
| Treatment | Ciguatera poisoning is treated with supportive care. Some medications such as the use of Amitriptyline may reduce some symptoms of ciguatera, such as fatigue and paresthesia, although benefit does not occur in every case. Also used are steroids and vitamin supplements, but these merely support the body's recovery rather than directly reducing the toxic effects. (1) |
|---|
| Concentrations |
|---|
| Not Available |
|---|
| External Links |
|---|
| Identifiers | Not Available |
|---|
| References |
|---|
| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
|---|
| MSDS | Not Available |
|---|
| General References | Not Available |
|---|
