Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2009-03-06 18:58:22 UTC
Update Date2026-05-14 19:06:46 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM000216
Identification
Common NameHydrogen fluoride
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionHF can refer to both hydrogen fluoride (gas) and hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. It is a precursor to almost all fluorine compounds, including pharmaceuticals such as fluoxetine (Prozac), surface coatings such as PTFE (Teflon), and elemental fluorine itself. Hydrofluoric acid is classified as a weak acid because of its lower dissociation constant compared to the strong acids. Hydrofluoric acid is produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite (CaF2) with concentrated sulfuric acid. When combined at 265 °C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride and calcium sulfate. HF is used in oil refining, the production of organofluorines, fluorides and glass etching. Hydrofluoric acid is also used for dissolving rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis.
Contaminant Sources
  • Clean Air Act Chemicals
  • HPV EPA Chemicals
  • OECD HPV Chemicals
  • OSHA Hazardous Chemicals
  • T3DB toxins
Contaminant Type
  • Fluoride Compound
  • Household Toxin
  • Human Neurotoxin
  • Industrial By-product/Pollutant
  • Industrial Precursor/Intermediate
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Non-Metal
  • Pollutant
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
[HF]ChEBI
FluorideChEBI
Fluorure d'hydrogeneChEBI
FluorwasserstoffChEBI
HFChEBI
HydrogenfluoridChEBI
Hydrogen fluorideKegg
HydrofluateGenerator
Hydrofluic acidGenerator
Hydrofluoric acidChEBI
Acid, fluorhydricMeSH
Fluohydric acidMeSH
Acid, fluohydricMeSH
Fluorhydric acidMeSH
Fluoride, hydrogenMeSH
Acid, hydrofluoricMeSH
Chemical FormulaFH
Average Molecular Mass20.006 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass20.006 g/mol
CAS Registry Number7664-39-3
IUPAC Namehydrogen fluoride
Traditional Namehydrogen fluoride
SMILESF
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/FH/h1H
InChI KeyKRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as halogen hydrides. These are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is a halogen.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassHomogeneous non-metal compounds
ClassHalogen organides
Sub ClassHalogen hydrides
Direct ParentHalogen hydrides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Halogen hydride
  • Inorganic hydride
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateGas
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point-83.36°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility0.922 mg/mL at 0 °C [DEAN,JA (1985)]
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP0.15ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.17ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity1.67 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability0.79 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-00di-9000000000-8a5dc37d6aaa15668cc3Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-9000000000-8a5dc37d6aaa15668cc3Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-00di-9000000000-8a5dc37d6aaa15668cc3Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-014i-9000000000-07294f33c54616bd40c0Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-014i-9000000000-07294f33c54616bd40c0Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-014i-9000000000-07294f33c54616bd40c0Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral (1) ; inhalation (1) ; dermal (1)
Mechanism of ToxicityIn addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a contact poison. As with most acids HF can cause tissue burns through the denaturation of proteins and partial hydrolysis of proteins. Most proteins denature at pH values of less than 3-4. The large-scale denaturation of proteins, de-esterification of lipids and subsequent desiccation of tissues leads to chemical burns. Owing to its low acid dissociation constant, HF as a neutral lipid-soluble molecule penetrates tissue more rapidly than typical mineral acids. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. HF also interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. Formation of insoluble calcium fluoride is proposed as the etiology for both precipitous fall in serum calcium and the severe pain associated with tissue toxicity. In some cases, exposures can lead to hypocalcemia. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation, leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine.
MetabolismFluoride ions are incorporated into bone by substituting for hydroxyl groups in the carbonate-apatite structure to produce hydroxyfluorapatite, thus altering the mineral structure of the bone. Alteration in mineralization increases hardness and bone mass, but also decreases mechanical strength. A portion of the circulating inorganic fluoride acts as an enzyme inhibitor because it forms metalfluoride-phosphate complexes that interfere with the activity of those enzymes requiring a metal ion cofactor. In addition, fluoride may interact directly with the enzyme or the substrate. It is a general inhibitor of the energy production system of the cell. Fluorine may bind calcium and decrease its concentration. This is thought to indirectly inhibit amelogeninase activity, resulting in altered crystal growth and subsequently causing dental fluorosis. (3)
Toxicity ValuesLC50: 500 ppm over 1 hours (Inhalation, Mouse) (7)
Lethal Dose50 to 250 ppm over 5 minutes (Inhalation) or 1.5 grams (Oral) for an adult human. (6, 2)
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesHydrofluoric acid is used mainly for etching glass. It is also used in oil refining and as a precursor to other fluoride compounds. (3)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsHydrogen fluoride is extremely corrosive. It may penetrate the skin and weaken the bones, as well as interfere with nerve function and react with blood calcium, causing cardiac arrest. (4)
SymptomsHydrogen fluoride is very irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. (3)
TreatmentHydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca2+ that sequesters the fluoride ions. HF chemical burns can be treated with a water wash and 2.5% calcium gluconate gel or special rinsing solutions. However, because it is absorbed, medical treatment is necessary; rinsing off is usually not enough. Intra-arterial infusions of calcium chloride have also shown great effectiveness in treating burns.
Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB11072
HMDB IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkHydrofluoric acid
Chemspider IDNot Available
ChEBI ID29228
PubChem Compound ID14917
Kegg Compound IDC16487
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General ReferencesNot Available