4360 T3D4306 Citric acid Citric acid (citrate) is a weak acid that is formed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or that may be introduced with diet. The evaluation of plasma citric acid is scarcely used in the diagnosis of human diseases. On the contrary urinary citrate excretion is a common tool in the differential diagnosis of kidney stones, renal tubular acidosis and it plays also a role in bone diseases. The importance of hypocitraturia should be considered with regard to bone mass, urine crystallization and urolithiasis. The secretory epithelial cells of the prostate gland of humans and other animals posses a unique citrate-related metabolic pathway regulated by testosterone and prolactin. This specialized hormone-regulated metabolic activity is responsible for the major prostate function of the production and secretion of extraordinarily high levels of citrate. The key regulatory enzymes directly associated with citrate production in the prostate cells are mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial aconitase. testosterone and prolactin are involved in the regulation of the corresponding genes associated with these enzymes. The regulatory regions of these genes contain the necessary response elements that confer the ability of both hormones to control gene transcription. Protein kinase c (PKC) is the signaling pathway for the prolactin regulation of the metabolic genes in prostate cells. testosterone and prolactin regulation of these metabolic genes (which are constitutively expressed in all mammalian cells) is specific for these citrate-producing cells. Citric acid is found in citrus fruits, most concentrated in lemons and limes, where it can comprise as much as 8% of the dry weight of the fruit. Citric acid is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. Intolerance to citric acid in the diet is known to exist. Little information is available as the condition appears to be rare, but like other types of food intolerance it is often described as a pseudo-allergic reaction. (A3397, A3398). 77-92-9 311 C6H8O7 192.12 White powder. 153°C 5.92E+005 mg/L (at 20°C) ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5040 mg/kg [Mouse]. 3000 mg/kg [Rat]. No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation. 2014-08-29T06:17:47Z 2026-05-14T18:07:16Z Citric acid C00158 30769 CIT DB04272 CIT true OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O C6H8O7 InChI=1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12) KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 192.1235 192.02700261 Endogenous Solid -1.64 HMDB00094 CHEMBL1261 305 <p>Karl E. Wiegand, &#8220;Chemical process for producing citric acid.&#8221; U.S. Patent US3962287, issued 0000.</p> CHEM003266 DTXSID3020332 NS00007335 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 132.13 35.6239 15.53525731872116 5 7 4 3.0479515131680732 -4.185693450231931 -3 0 -1.33 -0.26 1.06e+02 g/l