4226 Guanidine Guaniidine is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Guanidine is a polyamine that can function as a strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. With a pKa of 12.5, guanidine is protonated, with a charge of +1 in physiological conditions. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed). Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. 113-00-8 3520 CH5N3 59.07 White powder. 50°C 1840 mg/L (at 20°C) Rapidly absorbed and distributed Uremic toxins such as guaniidine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869). Not metabolized. Half Life: 7-8 hours LD₅₀ = 475 mg/kg (oral, rat). No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). For the reduction of the symptoms of muscle weakness and easy fatigability associated with the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton-Lambert. It is not indicated for treating myasthenia gravis. Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present. Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored. 2014-08-29T05:49:15Z 2026-04-16T22:17:00Z Guanidine C17349 24435 CPD-593 DB00536 GAI true NC(N)=N CH5N3 InChI=1S/CH5N3/c2-1(3)4/h(H5,2,3,4) ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 59.0705 59.048347175 Endogenous Solid -0.6 HMDB01842 CHEMBL821 3400 <p>Helmut Hoffmann, Carlhans Suling, &#8220;Process for the production of guanidine salts of aliphatic mercaptosulphonic acids.&#8221; U.S. Patent US3956368, issued November, 1954.</p> CHEM003132 DTXSID0023117 NS00013722 guanidine