4220 Spermine Spermine is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure. [PubChem] 71-44-3 1103 C10H26N4 202.34 White powder. 29°C 150-150°C > 100 mg/mL Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact) Uremic toxins such as spermine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869). Spermine is derived from spermidine by spermine synthase. Spermine is a polyamine, a small organic cations that is absolutely required for eukaryotic cell growth. Spermine, is normally found in millimolar concentrations in the nucleus. Spermine functions directly as a free radical scavenger, and forms a variety of adducts that prevent oxidative damage to DNA. Oxidative damage to DNA by reactive oxygen species is a continual problem that cells must guard against to survive. Hence, spermine is a major natural intracellular compound capable of protecting DNA from free radical attack. Spermine is also implicated in the regulation of gene expression, the stabilization of chromatin, and the prevention of endonuclease-mediated DNA fragmentation. Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces. No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present. Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored. 2014-08-29T05:48:38Z 2026-05-14T16:24:07Z Spermine C00750 15746 SPERMINE DB00127 SPM true NCCCNCCCCNCCCN C10H26N4 InChI=1S/C10H26N4/c11-5-3-9-13-7-1-2-8-14-10-4-6-12/h13-14H,1-12H2 PFNFFQXMRSDOHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 202.3402 202.215746852 Endogenous Solid -0.7 HMDB01256 CHEMBL23194 1072 <p>Koji Nakanishi, Amira T. Eldefrawi, Mohyee E. Eldefrawi, Peter N. R. Usherwood, &#8220;Butyryl-tyrosinyl spermine, analogs thereof and methods of preparing and using same.&#8221; U.S. Patent US5770625, issued January, 1966.</p> CHEM003126 DTXSID9058781 (3-aminopropyl)({4-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]butyl})amine 76.1 62.558200000000014 26.694691643339382 11 4 4 10.799251803165692 4 0 -0.66 -1.97 2.19e+00 g/l