4204 Hypoxanthine Hypoxanthine is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Lesch-Nyhan disease is caused by deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. 68-94-0 790 C5H4N4O 136.11 White powder. 150°C 0.7 mg/mL Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact) Hypoxanthine is a poorly soluble compound. As a result high concentrations of serum hypoxanthine can lead to the formation of kidney stones which can, over the long term, induce kidney failure. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. The enzyme xanthine oxidase makes uric acid from xanthine and hypoxanthine, which in turn are produced from other purines. In humans and higher primates, uric acid is the final oxidation (breakdown) product of purine metabolism and is excreted in urine. No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Naturally produced by the body (endogenous). As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present. Chronically high concentrations of hpyoxanthine can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones. Chronically high levels of hypoxanthine are associated with at least 4 inborn errors of metabolism including: Xanthinuria type I, Xanthuria type II, Molybdenium Cofactor Deficiency, and Xanthinuria. May lead to arthropathy, myopathy, crystal nephropathy, urolithiasis, or renal failure. Chronic Exposure: Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of xanthine toxicity until normal kidney function can be restored. Acute Exposure: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. 2014-08-29T05:46:52Z 2026-04-17T18:25:28Z Hypoxanthine C00262 17368 HYPOXANTHINE DB04076 HPA true OC1=NC=NC2=C1NC=N2 C5H4N4O InChI=1S/C5H4N4O/c10-5-3-4(7-1-6-3)8-2-9-5/h1-2H,(H2,6,7,8,9,10) FDGQSTZJBFJUBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 136.1115 136.03851077 Endogenous Solid -1.11 HMDB00157 CHEMBL1427 768 <p>Alvin J. Glasky, Heinrich Bollinger, Hans Rudolf Muller, &#8220;Methods of synthesis for 9-substituted hypoxanthine derivatives.&#8221; U.S. Patent US06849735, issued February 01, 2005.</p> CHEM003110 DTXSID8045983 NS00010150 7H-purin-6-ol