3786 Penitrem A Penitrem A is a tremorgenic mycotoxin and neurotoxin found on ryegrass. It is produced by certain species of Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Penicillium crustosum in particular is a common foodborne fungus that causes spoilage in a wide variety of foods, including meat, cereals, nuts, cheese, eggs, fruit, and processed and refrigerated foods. Tremorgenic mycotoxins affect central nervous system activity and have been implicated in a number of neurologic diseases of horses and cattle collectively known as "staggers syndromes". (L1959, A2989) 12627-35-9 337313 C37H44ClNO6 White powder. Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (A3101) Tremorgenic mycotoxins exert their toxic effects by interfering with neurotransmitter release, possibly by causing degeneration of nerve terminals. They are thought to inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, both pre- and postsynaptic, as well as inhibit transmitter breakdown at the GABA-T receptors. This would initially increase neurotransmitter levels, potentiating the GABA-induced chloride current, then lead to decreased levels of neurotransmitter in the synapse. Penitrem A is also know to increase the spontaneous release of the neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate from cerebrocortical synaptosomes. In addition, it inhibits presynaptic high-conductance Ca+2 activated maxi-K+ channels in the smooth muscle. Penitrem A is also genotoxic and causes DNA damage. (A2976, A2991, A2993, A3026) Penitrem A is extensively metabolized in the liver to at least five metabolites that are less toxic and more hydrophilic than the parent compound. These metabolites are an oxidated metabolite, an oxidated, dehydrated metabolite, a water adduct, a dioxidated metabolite, and a product of water addition and oxidation. (A2992) LD50: 10 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (A2992) LD50: 1.1 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (A2992) No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Penitrem A (tremortin) is a tremorgenic mycotoxin and neurotoxin found on ryegrass. It is produced by certain species of Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Penicillium crustosum in particular is a common foodborne fungus that causes spoilage in a wide variety of foods, including meat, cereals, nuts, cheese, eggs, fruit, and processed and refrigerated foods. (L1959, A2989) Tremorgenic mycotoxins affect central nervous system activity. They cause a neurological disease of horses and cattle known as "staggers syndrome". Penitrem A is also genotoxic and causes DNA damage. (A2974, A3026) Penitrem A causes an tremorgenic syndrom consisting of acute tremor followed by chronic ataxia. Other symptoms include severe muscle fasciculations, vomiting, convulsions, tachycardia, and seizures, possibly leading to massive liver necrosis and death. Tremorgenic mycotoxins cause a neurological disease of cattle known as "staggers syndrome", which is characterized by muscle tremors and hyperexcitability. (A2974, L1959, A2989, A2990) To control severe tremors caused by tremorgenic mycotoxins, methocarbamol should be administered. Generalized seizures may be treated with diazepam followed by methocarbamol or a barbiturate such as pentobarbital sodium. Gastric lavage should be performed and activated charcoal administered to limit further absorption of toxins. (A744) 2010-05-05T15:51:54Z 2026-04-05T15:18:12Z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitrem_A true CC(=C)C1OC2CCC3(C)C4(C)C(CCC3(O)C22OC2C1O)C1OC(C)(C)C2CC3C(=C)CC5=C(Cl)C=C6NC4=C1C6=C5C23O C37H44ClNO6 InChI=1S/C37H44ClNO6/c1-15(2)28-27(40)31-37(45-31)23(43-28)9-10-33(6)34(7)18(8-11-35(33,37)41)29-25-24-21(39-30(25)34)14-20(38)17-12-16(3)19-13-22(32(4,5)44-29)36(19,42)26(17)24/h14,18-19,22-23,27-29,31,39-42H,1,3,8-13H2,2,4-7H3 JDUWHZOLEDOQSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 634.201 633.285715852 Exogenous Solid CHEM002701 DTXSID00320093 NS00075363 107.47000000000001 168.94620000000006 70.98215693106961 1 6 4 12.726915026466788 -3.429814488888744 0 10 4.92 -5.65 1.42e-03 g/l