2604 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially. 124-38-9 280 CO2 27.994910 Colorless, odorless gas (L1144). -56.5°C 1.48 mg/mL at 25°C Inhalation (L1144) ; dermal (L1144) ; eye contact (L1144). Carbon dioxide causes widespread activation of the sympathetic nervous system and an increase in the plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin, and other vasoactive peptides . The response is mediated by various subcortical centers in the hypothalamus, brainstem reticular formation and medulla. These areas can be excited locally by carbon dioxide, but they also receive afferents from the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide in the blood. The results of sympathetic nervous system activation are, in general, opposite to the local effects of carbon dioxide. The sympathetic effects consist of an increase in cardiac contractility and heart rate and vasoconstriction (A628). Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in diverse forms: dissolved in the plasma, or linked to proteins independently of the PCO2. Carbone dioxide is transported by the hemoglobin back to the lungs, where it is exhaled (A320, L1147). LC50: 470 000 ppm (Inhalation, Rat) (L1146) No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135) Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. It is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas. Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured carbon dioxide for quick inflation. Aluminum capsules are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for airguns, paintball markers, for inflating bicycle tires, and for making seltzer (L1144). Carbon dioxide poisoning (Hypercapnia) can induce increased cardiac output, an elevation in arterial blood pressure, and a propensity toward arrhythmias (L1145). Flushed skin, full pulse, extrasystoles, muscle twitches, hand flaps, reduced neural activity, headache, and possibly a raised blood pressure. In severe poisoning, symptomatology progresses to disorientation, panic, hyperventilation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and eventually death (L1145). In case of inhalation, administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Administer a benzodiazepine IV if seizures occur. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes if exposure occurred through eye exposure. In case of dermal exposure, rewarming and a variety of topical treatments are indicated for frostbite injury. (T36) 2009-07-05T03:13:33Z 2026-04-14T17:39:14Z Carbonic anhydrase 9 (Q16790) (A319); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon Dioxide C00011 141250 172460 259900 266500 16526 CARBON-MONOXIDE D002245 Carbon dioxide DB09157 CO2 3647 true Carbonic anhydrase 9 (Q16790) (A319) O=C=O CO2 InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3 CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 44.0095 43.989829244 Endogenous Liquid 0.83 HMDB01967 CHEMBL1231871 274 Callahan, Richard A. Process and apparatus for producing liquid carbon dioxide. U.S. (1993), 11 pp. CHEM002089 DTXSID4027028 NS00076302 methanedione